Chronic resveratrol administration reduces oxidative stress and brain cell loss and improves memory of recognition in old rats.

The cognitive functions of people over 60 years of age have been diminished, due to the structural and functional changes that the brain has during aging. The most evident changes are at the behavioral and cognitive level, with decreased learning capacity, recognition memory, and motor incoordination. The use of exogenous antioxidants has been implemented as a potential pharmacological option to delay the onset of brain aging by attenuating oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Resveratrol (RSVL) is a polyphenol present in various foods, such as red fruits, and drinks, such as red wine. This compound has shown great antioxidant capacity due to its chemical structure. In this study, we evaluated the effect of chronic RSVL treatment on oxidative stress and cell loss in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of 20-month-old rats, as well as its impact on recognition memory and motor behavior. Rats treated with RSVL showed an improvement in locomotor activity and in short- and long-term recognition memory. Likewise, the concentration of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation decreased significantly in the group with RSVL, coupled with an improvement in the activity of the antioxidant system. Finally, with the help of hematoxylin and eosin staining, it was shown that chronic treatment with RSVL prevented cell loss in the brain regions studied. Our results demonstrate the antioxidant and neuroprotective capacity of RSVL when administered chronically. This strengthens the proposal that RSVL could be an important pharmacological option to reduce the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases that affect older adults.

Oral administration of resveratrol reduces oxidative stress generated in the hippocampus of Wistar rats in response to consumption of ethanol.

Introduction: Chronic ethanol intake has been found to favor hippocampal deterioration and alter neuronal morphological maturation; resveratrol has been suggested as an antioxidant that may counteract these effects. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of resveratrol on oxidative stress markers, endogenous antioxidant system in the hippocampus, and the behavior of male Wistar rats administered different concentrations of ethanol. Methods: The animals, at 3 months old, were randomly distributed into 11 study groups (n = 6/group), orally administered (5 days on, 2 days off) with water (control), ethanol (10, 20, 30, 40 or 50%), or ethanol (10, 20, 30, 40 or 50%) plus resveratrol (10 mg/Kg/day) for 2 months. Subsequently, the production of nitrites, malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxy-alkenal (HNE) and the enzymatic activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were quantified. Results: The levels of nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation products were significantly increased in each ethanol concentration and were statistically different compared to the control group; however, resveratrol significantly reduced oxidative stress caused by high ethanol concentration. The SOD and CAT did not present significant changes with respect to the controls in any of the study groups. In the different concentrations of ethanol used, GR increases significantly in the groups administered with resveratrol but not GPx. Resveratrol was shown to maintain the results similar to the control at most ethanol concentrations. Discussion: Our results suggest that resveratrol prevents oxidative stress induced by ethanol in the hippocampus by decreasing cellular lipid peroxidation, but does not prevent the activation of catalase or SOD enzymes; however, allows glutathione to be kept active and in adequate concentrations in its reduced form and avoids alterations in the locomotor system.

Actualización en vía aérea difícil y propuesta de un algoritmo simple, unificado y aplicado a nuestro medio / Update on difficult airway management with a proposal of a simplified algorithm, unified and applied to our daily clinical practice

Abstract Introduction: Difficulties in managing the airway are still a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and anesthesia and critical care related claims. Objectives: Review the current trends and the recent evidence associated with management of the difficult airway to organize them into a simple, practical, and unified scheme. Methods: Non-systematic search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, OVID, and SciELO, using the terms: airway management, airway emergency, difficult laryngoscopy, difficult intubation, difficult mask ventilation, and difficult ventilation. Evidence-based guidelines and expert consensus were prioritized. Results: Twenty-nine guidelines and expert consensus were found, of which 19 were published after 2004, 10 addressed to the general population, 3 to obstetrics, 4 to pediatrics, and 2 to trauma. Conclusions: In terms of critical airway situations, there is purely observational evidence of actual situations or moderate-quality evidence under parallel situations. When evaluating risk, in addition to identifying predictors, it is important to consider the clinical circumstances that may worsen any potential problem. The newly developed techniques and devices are useful tools, but skills in conventional maneuvers and their optimization are irreplaceable. In addition to focusing on maneuvering to solve intubation or ventilation issues, the resuscitation practitioner must watch over the patient's general clinical condition and the potential causes of the problem. A simple and well supported thought process could facilitate the management of complex situations and improved outcomes.

Resumen Introducción: Las dificultades con el manejo de la vía aérea siguen siendo una causa importante de morbimortalidad y demandas en el ámbito anestésico y del paciente crítico. Objetivos: Revisar las tendencias actuales y la evidencia reciente relacionada con el manejo de la vía aérea difícil, para organizarlas en un esquema sencillo, práctico y unificado. Métodos: Búsqueda no sistemática en Pubmed, ScienceDirect, OVID y SciELO, utilizando los términos: manejo de vía aérea, emergencia de la vía aérea, difícil laringoscopia, difícil intubación, difícil ventilación con máscara facial y difícil ventilación. Se priorizaron las guías basadas en la evidencia y consensos de expertos. Resultados: Se encontraron 29 guías y consensos de expertos, de los cuales 19 son de publicación posterior al 2004,10 dirigidos a la población general, 3 a la obstétrica, 4 a pediatría y 2 a trauma. Conclusiones: Para las situaciones críticas de la vía aérea existe evidencia puramente observacional en situaciones reales o de moderada calidad en situaciones paralelas. En la valoración del riesgo, además de buscar predictores, es importante considerar las circunstancias clínicas que podrían empeorar el problema si se presenta. Las recientes técnicas y dispositivos representan herramientas útiles, pero la destreza en las maniobras convencionales y su optimización son irremplazables. Además de enfocarse en maniobrar para solucionar las dificultades de intubación o ventilación, el reanimador debe atender al cuadro clínico general del paciente y a las posibles causas del problema. Un esquema de pensamiento sencillo y bien sustentado podría facilitar el manejo de situaciones complejas y mejorar sus desenlaces.

Manejo perioperatorio de la anticoagulación en pacientes tratados crónicamente con warfarina (con énfasis en la sustitución ambulatoria con heparinas de bajo peso molecular) / Perioperative management of long-term warfarin anticoagulated patients (focused on outpatient bridging with low molecular weight heparins)

El manejo de la anticoagulación perioperatoria en pacientes tratados crónicamentecon warfarina es un problema clínico frecuente y de difícil manejo. La suspensiónde la anticoagulación durante un procedimiento podría poner en riesgo de eventostromboembólicos y continuarla podría generar sangrado excesivo. La evidenciaal respecto es limitada y las guías por consenso de expertos son inconsistentes.La ausencia de esquemas de manejo claros y el uso indiscriminado de reemplazotransitorio con heparina no fraccionada genera demoras, sobrecostos y díasde hospitalización innecesarios. En el presente texto se discuten las posiblesvariables y riesgos a considerar en la toma de decisiones y se revisa la evidenciaconcerniente al uso de heparinas de bajo peso molecular para la sustitucióntransitoria y ambulatoria de la anticoagulación en el perioperatorio; además, seproponen una guía de recomendaciones y un algoritmo novedoso y sencillo, quefacilite su implementación...

Management of patients under chronic coumadin anticoagulation on the perioperative setting is a frequent and problematic clinical scenario. Temporary interruption of anticoagulation during surgical procedures places the patients at risk of thrombo-embolic events and on the other hand, keeping anticoagulation throughout surgery puts them at risk of bleeding complications. There is limited evidence in this topic and clinical guidelines based on expert opinion are inconsistent. The lack of clear guidelines and the indiscriminate use of unfractionated heparin for transitional replacement generate delays, extra costs and is cause of unnecessary days of hospitalization. This text discusses the possible variables and risks to consider in decision making and also the evidence in regards to low molecular weight heparins for transitional and perioperative outpatient replacement of anticoagulation called “bridging”. A practical guideline and a simple algorithm are proposed in order to facilitate its implementation...

Tendencias actuales en el manejo preoperatorio de pacientes anticoagulados con warfarina / Current trends in the preoperative management of patients receiving warfarin for anticoagulation

Introducción: El manejo de la anticoagulación perioperatoria en pacientes tratados crónicamente con warfarina y programados para procedimientos invasivos, electivos y urgentes es un problema clínico frecuente y de difícil manejo. La ausencia de esquemas de manejo claros y el uso indiscriminado de remplazo transitorio con heparina no fraccionada genera demoras, sobrecostos y días de hospitalización innecesarios.Objetivos: Revisar las tendencias actuales y evidencia que las soporta, concerniente al remplazo transitorio de la anticoagulación en el preoperatorio ("puenteo"), con énfasis en el uso de heparinas de bajo peso molecular, de manera ambulatoria. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed de las guías de manejo basadas en la evidencia, consensos de expertos y estudios originales al respecto. Resultados: Se identificaron tres guías de práctica clínica, basadas en la evidencia y múltiples revisiones narrativas por expertos, cuatro de ellas recientes. Los estudios clínicos encontrados en ámbito quirúrgico, son puramente observacionales. Existen estudios comparativos, pero en escenarios no quirúrgicos. Discusión: La evidencia respecto al manejo es limitada y las guías por consenso de expertos son inconsistentes. Conclusiones: Existe evidencia sugestiva, aunque no concluyente, que soporta la utilidad de las heparinas de bajo peso molecular; en el remplazo transitorio y ambulatorio de la anticoagulación en el preoperatorio ("puenteo"). Se necesitan estudios comparativos, bien diseñados, realizados en el ámbito perioperatorio. Con base en la información disponible, se proponen algunos lineamientos con respecto al manejo de anticoagulación en casos electivos y urgentes, expresándolos gráficamente en un algoritmo novedoso y sencillo.

Introduction: The perioperative management of patients receiving chronic treatment with warfarin and scheduled for invasive, elective or emergency procedures is a difficult and frequently arising problem in clinical practice. The lack of clear management guidelines and the indiscriminate use of the temporary replacement with unfractionated heparin creates delays, increases costs and unnecessarily prolongs the length of hospital stay. Objectives: To review current trends and their supporting evidence of temporary replacement ("bridging") during the pre-operative period, emphasizing the use of low-molecular-weight heparins on an outpatient basis. Methodology: PubMed search of evidence-based management guidelines, expert consensus and original trials. Results: Three evidence-based clinical practice guidelines, together with multiple narrative expert reviews, four of them recently published, were identified. Clinical trials found in the surgical setting were purely observational. Although there are comparative studies, none of them apply to the surgical setting. Discussion: Management evidence is limited and expert consensus guidelines are inconsistent. Conclusions: There is suggestive, though non-conclusive evidence supporting the use of low-molecular-weight heparins for temporary replacement ("bridging") of pre-operative anticoagulation on an outpatient basis. There is a need to conduct well-designed comparative studies in the perioperative setting. Guidelines for anticoagulation management in elective and emergency cases are proposed on the basis of the information available, expressed in the form of a simple and innovative graphic algorithm applicable to the Colombian situation.

Ivor Lewis esophagectomy in a patient with enlarged azygos vein: a lesson to learn.

We report the case of a 62-year-old patient with congenital interruption of the inferior vena cava and azygos continuation who required transthoracic esophagectomy to remove a tumor in the middle esophagus. The consequences of dividing an enlarged azygos vein in this kind of patient are reported and discussed.

Abdominal wall hematoma after laparoscopic surgery: early treatment with selective arterial transcatheter embolization.

Bleeding from the site of a trocar insertion is a relatively frequent complication after laparoscopic surgery, despite precautionary techniques aimed at reducing such events. It may result in a hemoperitoneum, requiring emergency reintervention or large hematomas of the abdominal wall. In the latter case, although conservative treatment is possible, hospital stay is prolonged and large amounts of blood-bank resources are consumed. Early diagnosis and selective embolization of the bleeding vessel may reduce the severity and consequences of this complication.

Recurso técnico para el tubo de Kehr de difícil extracción / Technical resource for hazardous Kehr T-tube withdrawal

No disponible

Conservative treatment of a huge abdominal wall hematoma after laparoscopic appendectomy.

We report a case of a 30-year-old male patient who presented with a huge abdominal wall hematoma 60 minutes after laparoscopic appendectomy. During surgery there had been no sign of abdominal wall bleeding. We found a lateral abdominal wall hematoma caused by rupture of the abdominal epigastric artery after trocar insertion. We conclude that trocar injury is a potentially preventable complication in laparoscopic surgery if certain precautions are taken. Abdominal wall hematoma secondary to injury of an epigastric vessel can be successfully treated with conservative management.

Laparoscopia colorrectal en Canarias. Estudio multicéntrico en 144 pacientes / Colorectal laparoscopy in the Canary Islands. A multicenter study of 144 patients

Introducción. Analizar los resultados a corto plazo de la cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal (CLCR) en Canarias. Material y métodos. Enviamos una encuesta a los hospitales que realizan esta actividad y obtuvimos retrospectivamente datos sobre las variables demográficas, peroperatorias y anatomopatológicas de 144 pacientes intervenidos de CLCR desde mayo de 1993 hasta mayo de 2003. Resultados. Se intervino quirúrgicamente a 65 varones y 79 mujeres, 68 (47,2%) en los últimos 16 meses del período estudiado. Se realizaron 126 procedimientos colónicos y 18 rectales. El procedimiento más realizado fue la sigmoidectomía, con 85 casos (59%). El adenocarcinoma, con 73 casos (50%), fue el diagnóstico más habitual, y la diverticulosis, con 36 casos (25%), fue el segundo en frecuencia. Los valores medios de las variables estudiadas fueron: índice de masa corporal medio, 27,3 (rango, 22-35); tiempo quirúrgico, 175 min (rango, 60-255), y pérdidas hemáticas, 183,6 ml (rango, 50-500). La peristalsis se presentó a las 45 h, la dieta oral se inició a las 67 h y la estancia hospitalaria media global fue de 7,8 días (rango, 3-30). Los pacientes que presentaban complicaciones tuvieron una estancia significativamente mayor (14,5 frente a 6,4 días; p < 0,01). Hubo 7 conversiones (4,86%). No se registró ninguna muerte. La tasa de morbilidad global fue del 28%. La complicación precoz más frecuente fue la infección de la herida en 9 ocasiones (6,2%). Se detectaron 5 casos de fuga anastomótica (3,4%). Conclusiones. La CLCR se ha mostrado como una técnica segura y eficaz, y su uso se ha incrementado en todos los centros consultados en el último año. La aparición de complicaciones posquirúrgicas fue el factor que más influyó en la estancia hospitalaria (AU)

Introduction. To analyze the short-term results of laparoscopic colorectal surgery (LCRS) in the Canary Islands. Material and methods. A questionnaire was sent to hospitals performing laparoscopy and retrospective data on demographic, perioperative and pathological variables in 144 patients who underwent LCRS between May 1993 and May 2003 were obtained. Results. Sixty-five men and 79 women underwent colon (n=126) and rectal (n=18) surgery in the last 16 months of the study period. The most frequently performed procedure was sigmoidectomy in 85 patients (59%). The most frequent diagnosis was colon adenocarcinoma in 73 patients (50%), followed by diverticular disease in 36 patients (25%). The mean values of the variables studied were: body mass index, 27.3 (range, 22-35); operating time, 175 min (range, 60-255); blood loss, 183.6 ml (range, 50-500). Peristalsis reinitiated at 45 h; oral diet was introduced at 67 h and the overall mean length of hospital stay was 7.8 days (range, 3-30). The length of hospital stay was significantly longer in patients with complications (14.5 vs 6.4; p <.01). There were 7 conversions (4.86%). There were no perioperative deaths. The overall morbidity rate was 28%. The most frequent early complication was surgical wound infection in 9 patients (3.4%). Conclusions. LCRS has been shown to be a safe and effective technique that has recently increased in the centers surveyed. The factor with the greatest influence on length of hospital stay was the development of postoperative complications (AU)

[Colorectal laparoscopy in the Canary Islands. A multicenter study of 144 patients]. / Laparoscopia colorrectal en Canarias. Estudio multicéntrico en 144 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: To analyze the short-term results of laparoscopic colorectal surgery (LCRS) in the Canary Islands. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to hospitals performing laparoscopy and retrospective data on demographic, perioperative and pathological variables in 144 patients who underwent LCRS between May 1993 and May 2003 were obtained. RESULTS: Sixty-five men and 79 women underwent colon (n=126) and rectal (n=18) surgery in the last 16 months of the study period. The most frequently performed procedure was sigmoidectomy in 85 patients (59%). The most frequent diagnosis was colon adenocarcinoma in 73 patients (50%), followed by diverticular disease in 36 patients (25%). The mean values of the variables studied were: body mass index, 27.3 (range, 22-35); operating time, 175 min (range, 60-255); blood loss, 183.6 ml (range, 50-500). Peristalsis reinitiated at 45 h; oral diet was introduced at 67 h and the overall mean length of hospital stay was 7.8 days (range, 3-30). The length of hospital stay was significantly longer in patients with complications (14.5 vs 6.4; p <.01). There were 7 conversions (4.86%). There were no perioperative deaths. The overall morbidity rate was 28%. The most frequent early complication was surgical wound infection in 9 patients (6.2%). Anastomotic leak was detected in 5 patients (3.4%). CONCLUSIONS: LCRS has been shown to be a safe and effective technique that has recently increased in the centers surveyed. The factor with the greatest influence on length of hospital stay was the development of postoperative complications.

Resección de insulinoma de cola de páncreas por laparoscopia con preservación esplénica / Laparoscopic resection of insulinoma of the pancreatic tail with spleen preservation

No disponible

Efectos de furosemida en la hiperreactividad de las vías aéreas inducida por agua destilada y ejercicio / Effects of furosemide in the hyperreactivity of the airway induced by destilled water and exercise

Se evaluaron un total de catorce paciente con caracteristicas de hiperreactividad de vías aéreas (10 varones y 4 hembras con edad promedio de 7 años). Los varones basales de CVF,VEF 1,FEF max,FEF 25-75 fueron calculados en base al valor porcentual predictivo. Estos aspectos están detallados en la tabla 1. Se observó una diferencia significativa (p<0,05) entre los niveles del VEF 1, CVF, FEF max, FEF 25-75 después de la broncoprovocación con agua destilada y ejercicio con una caída del 20,6 por ciento en el VEF 1 de los valores basales. Los efectos de la furosemida y el placebo sobre la broncoprovocación inducida por agua destilada y ejercicio están demostrados en la Tabla 2 (promedio ñ 2 DE). No se observó diferencia significativa entre los valores basales previos a la furosemida y los valores posteriores a la administración de agua destilada (p>0,05) con una caída de sólo el 0,5 por ciento del valor basal. Los pacientes que fueron sometidos a tratamiento con placebo mostraron una caída del 17 por ciento del valor predictivo del VEF 1 después de la broncoprovocación. En vista de que el total de pacientes requirió la dosis máxima de agua destilada para lograr el efecto broncoprovocador, no se realizaron determinaciones de PD20. Aunque no hubo una cuantificación de la diuresis ninguno de los pacientes manifestó poliuria u otro efecto colateral

Nasofibroscopia en el diagnóstico de las afeccciones de vías aéreas superiores del niño / Nasofibroscopy in the diagnóstic of the superiors airs pathways of the child

Las últimas décadas han traído ayudas diagnósticas muy importantes para el conocimiento y detección de algunas enfermedades obstructivas de las vías aéreas. La Nasofaringolaringoscopia flexible es actualmente uno de los mejores métodos diagnósticos para las lesiones desde nariz hasta región subglótica. Nosotros presentamos nuestra experiencia con 125 niños en los cuales en los cuales fue realizada Nasofibroscopia usando un Olympus DENI tipo P3 (Melville NY) en el período comprendido entre junio de 1995 y mayo 1996. Las indicaciones para este procedimiento fueron Cuadros respiratorios a repetición (22,51 por ciento), Adenoiditis y Disfonía (9,27 por ciento) respectivamente, Ronquera (8,69 por ciento), Respirador bucal y Estridor inspiratorio (7,28 por ciento), Sospecha de aspiración de cuerpo extraño (5,96 por ciento). La Adenoiditis fue el diagnóstico más frecuente (24,26 por ciento) del total de hallazgos. En los casos de lesiones papilomatosas o congestion de mucosa indujo realizar un total de 20 biopsias de las cuales un (40 por ciento correspondío a lesiones por virus de VPH